In simple terms, a criminal case seeks to punish an offender for wrongdoing through fines, penalties, or confinement whereas a civil lawsuit’s purpose is to recover compensation for the victim of a crime. The three biggest differences in a criminal case and a civil lawsuit are:
- How cases are initiated such as who can bring charges or file a lawsuit
- What standards of proof are needed
- The penalties once a case has been decided
How cases are initiated such as who can bring charges or file a lawsuit?
Charges cannot be brought by the victim, but instead can only be brought by a legal entity like the State’s Attorney’s office. Compared to a civil lawsuit, a victim of a crime, the plaintiff, can file a lawsuit alleging the perpetrator, the defendant, assaulted, or committed another intentional tort, against them.
What standards of proof are needed?
The standard of proof needed to resolve a criminal case or civil lawsuit is vastly different. In a criminal case, the prosecution must establish the guilt of the defendant “beyond a reasonable doubt”, which essentially means there can be no evidence that suggests the defendant may not have committed the crime. The judge and/or jury must be 100% sure the defendant is guilty of the crime they were charged with. Compared to a civil lawsuit, the plaintiff must establish the defendant’s liability only according to “preponderance of evidence”. Essentially, rather than proving without a doubt the defendant committed the crime, the plaintiff only has to prove the defendant intended to harm the individual.
The penalties once a case has been decided
for cases involving criminal charges, if a defendant is proven to be guilty of the crime, they can be given fines or imprisonment, but in a civil lawsuit, the punishment can only be a monetary amount which will be awarded to the victim. However, it is very important to note that a person can be both charged in a criminal case for their wrongdoings and sued in a civil lawsuit. It is not uncommon for victims of an assault to file a civil lawsuit to receive compensation for the damages they have suffered.